Raws li AI nti fais fab noj txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv -nrog ib nti tam sim no kos ob peb kilowatts ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tsim kom muaj cua sov- cov khoom siv tooj liab thiab cov kua dej ua kom txias tau nce mus txog lawv lub cev txwv, muab chav me me rau kev ua tau zoo ntxiv. Pob zeb diamond, txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov thermal conductivity ntau zaus ntawm tooj liab thiab yog cov khoom siv thermally zoo tshaj plaws paub txog niaj hnub no. Ob xyoos dhau los, pob zeb diamond-raws li cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tau pib hloov pauv ntawm chav kuaj mus rau hauv pem teb Hoobkas, tawm los ua qhov chaw tshiab rau txias siab - kawg AI servers.
Tab sis ntawm no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: seb pob zeb diamond kub dissipation tuaj yeem tig tau cov txiaj ntsig thiab ua tiav qhov loj -scale saws tsis nyob ntawm nws txoj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Nws los txog rau peb qhov tiag - teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb- seb cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem puas siv tau, seb cov nqi puas tuaj yeem raug txo, thiab leej twg yeej thiab leej twg poob thoob plaws cov khoom siv. Tau txais nws txoj cai, thiab nws yog qhov ntev - lub sij hawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig; tau txais nws yuam kev, thiab nws tsuas yog lwm lub tswv yim overhyped.
Ob Txoj Kev Kawm Txuj Ci: CVD yog Lub Ntsiab Tseem Ceeb
Synthetic pob zeb diamond yog tsim los ntawm ob txoj kev:
HPHT (High Pressure): Graphite yog raug rau siab -siab, siab - qhov kub thiab txias rau "squeeze" tawm pob zeb diamond. Nws muaj cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab tus nqi qis, tab sis siv lead ua purity yog txwv thiab qhov loj me yog txwv. Txoj kev no tsuas yog tsim nyog rau qis-kawg daim ntawv thov xws li abrasives thiab lab- cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub loj hlob, thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub dissipation.
CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition): Pob zeb diamond yog "loj" los ntawm cov pa roj hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Ntawm CVD variants,MPCVD (Microwave Plasma CVD)muaj peev xwm tsim tau siab -purity, loj- cheeb tsam pob zeb diamond nrog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thermal conductivity, ua rau nws tam sim no txoj kev tseem ceeb rau AI nti heatsinks.
Ib qho tseem ceeb misconception kom tshem tawm:hniav nyiaj hniav kub- qib CVD pob zeb diamondthiabsemiconductor-qib CVD pob zeb diamond rau cua sov dissipationyog qhov sib txawv. Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si yog tsim los siv MPCVD cov cuab yeej, cov txheej txheem tsis, cov qauv tswj, thiab cov kev xav tau zoo yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem sib cais. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub- qib cov khoom lag luam tsom rau qhov pom kev pom zoo- xim, pom tseeb, txiav- tsom rau cov neeg siv khoom lag luam. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, pob zeb diamond siv nyob rau hauv semiconductor tshav kub dissipation xav tau heev nruj tswj ntawm impurity cov ntsiab lus, structural stability, thiab thermal conductivity uniformity, nrog rau qhov tseeb dimension thiab kev ua tau zoo sib xws qauv nyob deb tshaj cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cia siab tias yuav muaj cov kab ntau lawm rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kom pivot ncaj qha rau cov khoom siv heatsink yam tsis muaj kev rov ua dua tshiab tsuas yog tsis ua tau.
Cov Khoom Siv MPCVD: Lub Tshuab "Bottleneck" ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob
MPCVD yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov pob zeb diamond heatsinks. Yav dhau los, nws tso siab rau kev xa tawm tag nrho, nrog rau ib chav tsev raug nqi ntau dua RMB 10 lab thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm 12-18 lub hlis. Niaj hnub no, cov cuab yeej tsim tawm hauv tsev tau nqis mus rau RMB 3–5 lab - txo qis dua 40% - txo qhov cuam tshuam rau kev nkag.
Txawm li cas los xij, nco ntsoov tiascov khoom pheej yig dua tsis sib npaug cov khoom pheej yig dua. Cov khoom siv depreciation tuaj yeem suav txog 30-40% ntawm cov khoom siv pob zeb diamond. Cov khoom siv pheej yig dua yog thawj kauj ruam xwb; Yog tias cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo, cov nyiaj khaws cia yuav raug noj los ntawm kev tsis lees paub. Tsuas yog thaum ob qho khoom siv txo nqi thiab cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob ua ntej hauv tandem tuaj yeem xaus - cov khoom lag luam nqes tiag tiag.
Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Loj Hlob: Lub Ntsiab Paub-Yuav ua li cas
Txhawm rau txhawb cov khoom tsim tawm, koj tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev loj hlob sai, nce methane concentration, lossis nce siab -tab sis thawb ib qho kev ntsuas dhau deb, thiab cov pob zeb diamond tsim graphite theem, "soot," thiab lwm yam impurities, ua rau tag nrho wafer. Yog li cov khoom siv tsuas yog lub hauv paus; qhov sib txawv tiag tiag yog li cas cov tuam txhab tsim hluav taws xob tswj qhov kub thiab txias, qhov sib piv roj, thiab lub siab-qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas zoo paub- yuav ua li cas cais cov thawj coj ntawm pob.
Leej Twg Ua Tau Nyiaj hauv Tus Nqi Se: Lub Nruab Nrab
Cov saw hlau muab faib ua peb ntu:dej ntws(cov khoom siv raw + MPCVD khoom),nruab nrab(heatsink fabrication thiab xov), thiabnqes hav(module kev koom ua ke + neeg siv tau). Lub midstream account rau50–60%ntawm kev lag luam tus nqi, ua rau nws yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Upstream: Nyiaj rau 20-30%. Tag nrho cov paj tau paj rau ib zaug - siv lead ua CVD thiab siab - purity hmoov muaj li ntawm 40-60%, muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo elasticity. Txawm li cas los xij, margins tsis hloov pauv thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev hloov khoom dua tshiab thiab cov khoom siv raw khoom hloov pauv, ua rau ntu no tsis txaus rau kev thauj mus los rau tag nrho cov haujlwm.
Nruab nrab: Qhov siab tshaj qhov thaiv thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Tib -pob zeb diamond heatsinks muaj tag nrho cov npoo ntawm50–70%; polycrystalline thiab pob zeb diamond- cov khoom siv tooj liab ua haujlwm30–50%. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob ze -lub sij hawm daws yog qhovpob zeb diamond- cov khoom siv tooj liab-ib zaug- pob zeb diamond siv lead ua muaj kev ua tau zoo dua, tab sis loj - thaj chaw cov txiaj ntsig qis thiab tus nqi siab dhau rau kev coj mus los loj. Composites txi ib co thermal conductivity nyob rau hauv kev sib pauv rau yooj yim ua thiab ntim, ua kom ncaj qha kev koom ua ke rau cov neeg rau zaub mov ntau lawm kab, ua rau lawv cov tub ntxhais rau tam sim no me me -batch xa.
Cov ntsiab lus mob hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm sab nraub qaum- cov txheej txheem kawg: pob zeb diamond thiab tooj liab yog qhov sib txuam tsis sib xws-lawv tsis sib raug zoo thiab zoo li ua cov voids uas tsim cov thermal barrier tsis kam, ua rau cov cua sov dissipation ua tau zoo heev. Ntxiv mus, pob zeb diamond yog ib qho ultra- cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj (qib 10 ntawm qhov hardness scale), thiab precision processing qeeb thiab hnav tawm cov cuab yeej sai, ua rau cov nqi siab. Cov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev.
Hauv qab: Nyiaj rau 10-20%, nrog tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los ntawm 20-30%. Qhov no suav nrog kev sib dhos, kev sim, thiab lwm yam kev txhawb nqa nrog cov txheej txheem tsis tshua muaj. Qhov tseeb zais thaiv yog qhov kawg - cov neeg siv suav cov tuam txhab, qhov twg cov kev siv tau siv tau ntev thiab nruj- qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ntim ntim.
Cov peev txheej tsim khoom hauv tsev
Hais txog lub peev xwm tsim khoom, Tuam Tshoj tau zoo- muab cov ntsiab lus meej, tab sis poob qis hauv siab - cov txheej txheem kawg. Cov thawj coj txawv teb chaws nyiamElement Six, Coherent, thiab Akash Systemsmuaj mature technology ecosystems. Akash Systems, tshwj xeeb, tau ua tiav cov khoom xa tuaj, nrog rau cov khoom xa tawm hauv NVIDIA thiab AMD GPU servers thiab teb- xa mus rau cov chaw muab huab, tsim kom tiav kaw - voj kev daws teeb meem.
Tuam Tshoj yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tsim cov khoom siv pob zeb diamond, nrog Xinjiang thiab Inner Mongolia tawm los ua cov chaw tsim khoom tseem ceeb ua tsaug rau cov nqi hluav taws xob tsawg. Ntau lub tuam txhab hauv tsev tau ua me me -batch sim thiab xa cov qauv rau kev siv tau, tab sis kev lag luam tau tsom mus ntev rau cov khoom abrasives thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nrog rau cov khoom siv semiconductor- qib siab- kawg daim ntawv sau npe rau kev sib faib minuscule.
Tuam Tshoj qhov tsis muaj zog tiag tiag tsis yog nyob rau pem hauv ntej - xaus crystal kev loj hlob(pob zeb diamond blanks tuaj yeem tsim tau)-nws nyob hauvrov qab- cov txheej txheem kawg thiab kev siv tau zoo. Feem ntau cov neeg ua si hauv tsev tau daig ntawm cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb xws li kev ua kom lub ntsej muag, qis - ua puas qhov kev ua tiav, thiab kev sib koom ua ke sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev lag luam txawv teb chaws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal kev ntseeg tau zoo, thaum Tuam Tshoj tsis muaj cov qauv ntsuas kev sib koom ua ke, nrog rau cov kev cai siv tau zoo sib txawv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, ncua sij hawm ntev heev - mus rau - khw.
Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tab tom ua si ntes- nce los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo, tab sis kev lag luam tseem nyob hauv cov qauv thiab me me -batch validation theem- tseem nyob deb ntawm loj - teev hloov cov kev daws teeb meem ib txwm muaj.